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<p><b>Conditional access</b> (<b>CA</b>) is a term commonly used in relation to <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> and to <a href="Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> systems. Conditional access is an evaluation to ensure the person who is seeking access to content is authorized to access the content. Access is managed by requiring certain criteria to be met before granting access to the content.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_software">In software</h2></div>

<p>Conditional access is a function that lets an organization manage people's access to the software in question, such as email, applications, and documents. It is usually offered as <a href="Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">SaaS</a> (Software-as-a-Service) and deployed in organizations to keep company data safe. By setting conditions on the access to this data, the organization has more control over who accesses the data and where and in what way the information is accessed.

</p><p>When setting up conditional access, access can be limited to or prevented based on the policy defined by the system administrator. For example, a policy might require that access is available from certain networks, or access is blocked when a specific <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> is requesting the access.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_digital_television">In digital television</h2></div>

<p>Under the <a href="Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">Digital Video Broadcasting</a> (DVB) standard, conditional access system (CAS) standards are defined in the specification documents for DVB-CA (conditional access), <a href="Common_Scrambling_Algorithm" title="Common Scrambling Algorithm">DVB-CSA</a> (the common <a href="Scrambler" title="Scrambler">scrambling</a> algorithm) and <a href="DVB-CI" class="mw-redirect" title="DVB-CI">DVB-CI</a> (the <a href="Common_Interface" title="Common Interface">Common Interface</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These standards define a method by which one can obfuscate a digital-television stream, with access provided only to those with valid decryption <a href="Smart_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart cards">smart-cards</a>. The DVB specifications for conditional access are available from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116162443/http://www.dvb.org/technology/standards/index.xml#conditional">standards page on the DVB website</a>.

</p><p>This is achieved by a combination of <a href="Scrambler" title="Scrambler">scrambling</a> and <a href="Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a>. The data stream is scrambled with a 48-bit secret key, called the <i>control word</i>. Knowing the value of the control word at a given moment is of relatively little value, as under normal conditions, content providers will change the control word several times per minute. The control word is generated automatically in such a way that successive values are not usually predictable; the DVB specification recommends using a physical process for that.

</p><p>In order for the receiver to unscramble the data stream, it must be permanently informed about the current value of the control word. In practice, it must be informed slightly in advance, so that no viewing interruption occurs. <a href="Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a> is used to protect the control word during transmission to the receiver: the control word is encrypted as an <i>entitlement control message</i> (ECM). The CA subsystem in the receiver will decrypt the control word only when authorised to do so; that authority is sent to the receiver in the form of an <i>entitlement management message</i> (EMM). The EMMs are specific to each <a href="Subscriber" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscriber">subscriber</a>, as identified by the smart card in his receiver, or to groups of subscribers, and are issued much less frequently than ECMs, usually at monthly intervals. This being apparently not sufficient to prevent unauthorized viewing, <a href="T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Par_Satellite" title="Télévision Par Satellite">TPS</a> has lowered this interval down to about 12 minutes. This can be different for every provider, <a href="British_Sky_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="British Sky Broadcasting">BSkyB</a> uses a term of 6 weeks. When <a href="Nagravision" title="Nagravision">Nagravision 2</a> was hacked, <a href="Digital%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital+">Digital+</a> started sending a new EMM every three days to make unauthorized viewing more cumbersome.

</p><p>The contents of ECMs and EMMs are not standardized and as such they depend on the conditional access system being used.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The control word can be transmitted through different ECMs at once. This allows the use of several conditional access systems at the same time, a DVB feature called <i>simulcrypt</i>, which saves bandwidth and encourages multiplex operators to cooperate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116162443/http://www.dvb.org/technology/standards/index.xml#conditional">DVB Simulcrypt</a> is widespread in Europe; some channels, like the <a href="CNN_International" title="CNN International">CNN International</a> Europe from the <a href="Hot_Bird" title="Hot Bird">Hot Bird</a> satellites, can use seven different CA systems in parallel.

</p><p>The decryption cards are read, and sometimes updated with specific access rights, either through a <a href="Conditional-access_module" title="Conditional-access module">conditional-access module</a> (CAM), a <a href="PC_card" class="mw-redirect" title="PC card">PC card</a>-format card reader meeting DVB-CI standards, or through a built-in <a href="ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">ISO/IEC 7816</a> card reader, such as that in the <a href="Digibox_(Sky_Digital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digibox (Sky Digital)">Sky Digibox</a>.

</p><p>Several companies provide competing CA systems; ABV, <a href="VideoGuard" title="VideoGuard">VideoGuard</a>, Irdeto, <a href="Nagravision" title="Nagravision">Nagravision</a>, <a href="Conax" title="Conax">Conax</a>, <a href="Viaccess" title="Viaccess">Viaccess</a>, <a href="Synamedia_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Synamedia Ltd.">Synamedia</a>, <a href="Mediaguard" title="Mediaguard">Mediaguard</a> (a.k.a. <a href="Nagra_France" title="Nagra France">SECA</a>) are among the most commonly used CA systems.

</p><p>Due to the common usage of CA in DVB systems, many tools to aid in or even <a href="Pirate_decryption" title="Pirate decryption">directly circumvent</a> encryption exist. CAM emulators and multiple-format CAMs exist which can either read several card formats or even directly decrypt a compromised encryption scheme. Most multiple format CAMs and all CAMs that directly decrypt a signal are based on <a href="Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> of the CA systems. A large proportion of the systems currently in use for DVB encryption have been opened to full decryption at some point, including Nagravision, Conax, Viaccess, Mediaguard (v1) as well as the first version of VideoGuard.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditional_access_in_North_America">Conditional access in North America</h3></div>

<p>In Canada and the United States, the standard for conditional access is provided with <a href="CableCARD" title="CableCARD">CableCARDs</a> whose specification was developed by the cable company consortium <a href="CableLabs" title="CableLabs">CableLabs</a>.

</p><p>Cable companies in the United States are required by the <a href="Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> to support CableCARDs. Standards exist for two-way communication (M-card), but <a href="Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> has separate standards. Next-generation approaches in the United States eschew such physical cards and employ schemes using downloadable software for conditional access such as <a href="Downloadable_Conditional_Access_System" title="Downloadable Conditional Access System">DCAS</a>.

</p><p>The main appeal of such approaches is that the <a href="Access_control" title="Access control">access control</a> may be upgraded dynamically in response to security breaches without requiring expensive exchanges of physical conditional-access modules.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditional_access_systems">Conditional access systems</h3></div>

<p>Conditional access systems include:

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analog_systems">Analog systems</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="EuroCrypt" title="EuroCrypt">EuroCrypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Nagravision" title="Nagravision">Nagravision</a></li>

<li><a href="Videocipher" title="Videocipher">Videocipher</a></li>

<li><a href="VideoCrypt" title="VideoCrypt">VideoCrypt</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital_systems">Digital systems</h4></div>

<th>Developed by</th>

<th>Introduced (year)</th>

<th>Security</th>

<th>Notes

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Abel Quintic</td>

<td>Abel DRM Systems</td>

<td>Secure</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ABV International Pte. Ltd</td>

<td>Secure (Farncombe Certified)</td>

<td>CA, DRM, Middleware & Turnkey Solution Provider For DTH, DVBT/T2, DVBC, OTT, IPTV, VOD, Catchup TV, Audience Measurement System, EAD etc.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Panaccess</td>

<td>Panaccess Systems GmbH</td>

<td>Secure (Farncombe Certified)</td>

<td>CA for DVB-S/S2, DVB-T/T2, DVB-C, DVB-IP, OTT, VOD, Catchup etc.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>RCAS or RIDSYS cas</td>

<td>RIDSYS, INDIA</td>

<td>Secure</td>

<td>CA for DVB-C, IPTV, OTT, VOD, Catchup etc.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ViCAS</td>

<td>Vietnam Multimedia Corporation (VTC)</td>

<td>Unknown</td>

<td>Secure (Farncombe Certified)</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Accessgate</td>

<td>Telemann</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>AlphaCrypt</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="B-CAS" title="B-CAS">B-CAS</a> ARIB STD-B25 (Multi-2)</td>

<td><a href="Association_of_Radio_Industries_and_Businesses" title="Association of Radio Industries and Businesses">Association of Radio Industries and Businesses</a> (ARIB)

</td>

<td>2000

</td>

<td>CA for ISDB. Used in Japan only

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>reserved for various non-BetaResearch CA systems</td>

<td>Formally owned by BetaTechnik/Beta Research (subsidiary of KirchMedia). Handed over to TV operators to handle with their CA systems.</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Verimatrix Inc.</td>

<td>2010

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0x2600

<p>0x2610

</p>

</td>

<p>BISS-E

</p>

</td>

<td><a href="European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></td>

<td>2002

<p>2018

</p>

</td>

<td>Compromised, BISS-E secure</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0x27A0-0x27A4

</td>

<td>ICAS (Indian CAS)

</td>

<td>ByDesign India Private Limited

</td>

<td>2015

</td>

<td>Advanced Embedded Secure

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>China Crypt</td>

<td>CrytoWorks (China) (Irdeto)</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Codicrypt</td>

<td>Scopus Network Technologies (now part of Harmonic)</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>Secure</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Cryptoguard</td>

<td>Cryptoguard AB</td>

<td>Secure</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Conax" title="Conax">Conax</a> Contego</td>

<td>Conax AS</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>Secure</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Conax" title="Conax">Conax</a> CAS 5</td>

<td>Conax AS</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>Compromised</td>

<td>Pirate cards has existed

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Conax" title="Conax">Conax</a> CAS 7.5</td>

<td>Conax AS</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>Secure</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Conax CAS 7</td>

<td>Conax AS</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>Compromised</td>

<td>Cardsharing

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Conax CAS 3</td>

<td>Conax AS</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>Compromised</td>

<td>Pirate cards has existed

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>CoreCrypt</td>

<td>CoreTrust(Korea)</td>

<td>S/W & H/W Security</td>

<td>CA for IPTV, Satellite, Cable TV and Mobile TV

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>CryptOn</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cryptoworks" title="Cryptoworks">Cryptoworks</a></td>

<td>Philips CryptoTec</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>Partly compromised (older smartcards)</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Beijing Compunicate Technology Inc.</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>DigiCipher and DigiCipher II</td>

<td>Jerrold/GI/<a href="Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> 4DTV</td>

<td>1997

</td>

<td>Compromised</td>

<td><a href="DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">DVB-S2</a> compatible, used for retail BUD dish service and for commercial operations as source programming for cable operators.

<p>Despite the Programming Center shutting down its consumer usage of DigiCipher 2 (as 4DTV) on August 24, 2016, it is still being used for cable headends across the United States, as well as on Shaw Direct in Canada.

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>DreamCrypt</td>

<td>Dream Multimedia</td>

<td>2004

</td>

<td>Proposed conditional access system used for Dreambox receivers.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>EasyCas</td>

<td>Easycas</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>InCrypt Cas</td>

<td>S-Curious Research & Technology Pvt. Ltd., Equality Consultancy Services</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>EuroDec</td>

<td>Eurodec</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0x5448,0x6448

</td>

<td>Gospell VisionCrypt

</td>

<td>GOSPELL DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.

</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>Secure

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></td>

<td>Nucleus Systems, Ltd.</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Bulcrypt</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulcrypt.com/">Bulcrypt</a></td>

<td>Used in Bulgaria and Serbia

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Irdeto 1</td>

<td>Irdeto</td>

<td rowspan="2">Compromised (Cardsharing and MOSC available)</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Irdeto 2</td>

<td>Irdeto</td>

<td>2000

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Irdeto 3</td>

<td>Irdeto</td>

<td>Compromised (Cardsharing available)</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Irdeto Cloaked</td>

<td>Irdeto</td>

<td>Unknown</td>

<td>Secure</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="KeyFly" title="KeyFly">KeyFly</a></td>

<td>SIDSA</td>

<td>2006

</td>

<td>Partly compromised (v. 1.0)</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Seca <a href="Mediaguard" title="Mediaguard">Mediaguard</a> 1</td>

<td>1995

</td>

<td>Compromised</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Seca <a href="Mediaguard" title="Mediaguard">Mediaguard</a> 2 (v1+)</td>

<td>2002

</td>

<td>Partly compromised (MOSC available)</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Seca <a href="Mediaguard" title="Mediaguard">Mediaguard</a> 3</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Nagravision" title="Nagravision">Nagravision</a></td>

<td>Nagravision</td>

<td rowspan="3">Compromised</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Nagravision Carmageddon</td>

<td>Nagravision</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>Combination of Nagravision with BetaCrypt

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Nagravision Aladin</td>

<td>Nagravision</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Nagravision 3 - Merlin</td>

<td>Nagravision</td>

<td rowspan="2">Secure</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Nagravision - ELK</td>

<td>Nagravision</td>

<td>Circa 2008</td>

<td>IPTV

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Tongfang</td>

<td><a href="Tsinghua_Tongfang_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsinghua Tongfang Company">Tsinghua Tongfang Company</a></td>

<td>2007

</td>

<td>Secure</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>OmniCrypt</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.buydrm.com/thedrmblog/topic/google-widevine-drm">Widevine Technologies</a></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="PowerVu" title="PowerVu">PowerVu</a></td>

<td><a href="Scientific_Atlanta" title="Scientific Atlanta">Scientific Atlanta</a></td>

<td>1998

</td>

<td rowspan="2">Compromised</td>

<td rowspan="2">Professional system widely used by cable operators for source programming

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>PowerVu+</td>

<td>Scientific Atlanta</td>

<td>2009

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>RAS (Remote Authorisation System)</td>

<td><a href="Tandberg_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandberg Television">Tandberg Television</a></td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>Professional system, not intended for consumers.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Latens Systems</td>

<td>Latens</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726100247/http://www.niir.ru/eng/page.php?trid=96">RosCrypt-M</a></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>SkyCrypt/Neotioncrypt/Neotion SHL</td>

<td>AtSky/Neotion<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Unknown</td>

<td>T-crypt</td>

<td>Tecsys

</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ThalesCrypt</td>

<td>Thales Broadcast & Multimedia<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>Viaccess modification. Was developed after TPS-Crypt was compromised.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>TPS-Crypt</td>

<td>France Telecom</td>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td rowspan="7">Compromised</td>

<td>Viaccess modification used with Viaccess 2.3

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Viaccess" title="Viaccess">Viaccess</a> PC2.3, or Viaccess 1</td>

<td><a href="France_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="France Telecom">France Telecom</a></td>

<td>1996

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Viaccess PC2.4, or Viaccess 2</td>

<td>France Telecom</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Viaccess PC2.5, or Viaccess 2</td>

<td>France Telecom</td>

<td>2003

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Viaccess PC2.6, or Viaccess 3</td>

<td>France Telecom</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Viaccess PC3.0</td>

<td>France Telecom</td>

<td>2007

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Viaccess PC4.0</td>

<td>France Telecom</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>Viaccess PC5.0</td>

<td>France Telecom</td>

<td rowspan="2">Secure</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>Viaccess PC6.0</td>

<td>France Telecom</td>

<td>2015

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Synamedia <a href="VideoGuard" title="VideoGuard">VideoGuard</a> 1</td>

<td><a href="NDS_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="NDS Group">NDS (now part of Synamedia)</a></td>

<td>Partly compromised (older smartcards)</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Synamedia <a href="VideoGuard" title="VideoGuard">VideoGuard</a> 2</td>

<td><a href="NDS_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="NDS Group">NDS (now part of Synamedia)</a></td>

<td>Secure</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Synamedia <a href="VideoGuard" title="VideoGuard">VideoGuard</a> 3</td>

<td><a href="NDS_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="NDS Group">NDS (now part of Synamedia)</a></td>

<td>Secure

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Synamedia <a href="VideoGuard" title="VideoGuard">VideoGuard</a> 4</td>

<td><a href="NDS_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="NDS Group">NDS (now part of Synamedia)</a></td>

<td>Secure

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Onnet CA/DRM</td>

<td>Onnet Systems India Pvt. Ltd.</td>

<td>Secure</td>

<td>CA/DRM, IPTV Middleware, OTT, Interactive Services, STB Middleware, AR/VR

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>X-Crypt</td>

<td>XCrypt Inc.</td>

<td>2010

</td>

<td>Secure</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>DRE-Crypt</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cifratech.com/">Cifra</a></td>

<td>Secure</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Unknown

</td>

<td>PHI CAS

</td>

<td>RSCRYPTO

</td>

<td>2016

</td>

<td>Secure

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Access_control" title="Access control">Access control</a>, the same principle applied outside of television.</li>

<li><a href="CableCARD" title="CableCARD">CableCARD</a></li>

<li><a href="Card_sharing" title="Card sharing">Card sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Compression_Networks" title="Compression Networks">Compression Networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Conditional-access_module" title="Conditional-access module">Conditional-access module</a></li>

<li><a href="DigiCipher_2" title="DigiCipher 2">DigiCipher 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li>

<li><a href="Pirate_decryption" title="Pirate decryption">Pirate decryption</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerVu" title="PowerVu">PowerVu</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_card" title="Smart card">Smart card</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_encryption" title="Television encryption">Television encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="Viaccess" title="Viaccess">Viaccess</a></li>

<li><a href="Videocipher" title="Videocipher">Videocipher</a></li>

<li><a href="VideoGuard" title="VideoGuard">VideoGuard</a></li>

<li>Pairing Smartcard</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dvb.org/solutions/security/">"Security"</a>. <i>DVB</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205161912/https://dvb.org/solutions/security/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1852-1-201701-I!!PDF-E.pdf">Conditional-access systems for digital broadcasting 2016-10</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301233307/https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1852-1-201701-I!!PDF-E.pdf">Archived</a> 2023-03-01 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sat.uz/2008/01/17/skycrypt.html">"Skycrypt"</a>. 2008-01-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126100736/https://sat.uz/2008/01/17/skycrypt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afterdawn.com/glossary/term.cfm/thalescrypt">"What means ThalesCrypt? - AfterDawn"</a>. <i>www.afterdawn.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230619151411/https://www.afterdawn.com/glossary/term.cfm/thalescrypt">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sat.uz/2008/01/17/tpscrypt.html">"TPSCrypt"</a>. 2008-01-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126100421/https://sat.uz/2008/01/17/tpscrypt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113130339/http://sl65.helloz.info/viewtopic.php?t=4004">CAS history</a> in Spanish</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvbservices.com/identifiers/ca_system_id">CA ID list on dvbservices.com</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Broadcast_encryption_and_digital_rights_management313" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Broadcast_encryption" title="Broadcast encryption">Broadcast encryption</a> and <a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CableCARD" title="CableCARD">CableCARD</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_security" title="Renewable security">Renewable security</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_Interface" title="Common Interface">Common Interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Conditional-access_module" title="Conditional-access module">Conditional-access module</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">Syndication</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Smart_card" title="Smart card">Smart cards</a> and <a href="Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cisco_Videoscape" title="Cisco Videoscape">Cisco Videoscape</a>

<ul><li><a href="VideoGuard" title="VideoGuard">VideoGuard</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Conax" title="Conax">Conax</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptoworks" title="Cryptoworks">Irdeto Cryptoworks</a></li>

<li><a href="DigiCipher_2" title="DigiCipher 2">Digicipher</a></li>

<li><a href="KeyFly" title="KeyFly">KeyFly</a></li>

<li><a href="Nagravision" title="Nagravision">Nagravision</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerVu" title="PowerVu">PowerVu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nagra_France" title="Nagra France">SECA</a> <a href="Mediaguard" title="Mediaguard">Mediaguard</a></li>

<li><a href="Verimatrix" title="Verimatrix">Verimatrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Viaccess" title="Viaccess">Viaccess</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital video disc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Content_Scramble_System" title="Content Scramble System">Content Scramble System</a> (CSS)</li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Access_Content_System" title="Advanced Access Content System">Advanced Access Content System</a> (AACS)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Authorized_domain" title="Authorized domain">Authorized domain</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Data_security" title="Data security">Data security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Card_sharing" title="Card sharing">Card sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Pirate_decryption" title="Pirate decryption">Pirate decryption</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analogue broadcast</a> encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="EuroCrypt" title="EuroCrypt">EuroCrypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Leitch_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Leitch Technology">Leitch</a></li>

<li><a href="Oak_Industries" title="Oak Industries">Oak Orion</a></li>

<li><a href="Videocipher" title="Videocipher">Videocipher</a></li>

<li><a href="VideoCrypt" title="VideoCrypt">VideoCrypt</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="Free-to-view" title="Free-to-view">free-to-view</a> and <a href="Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-21" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Conditional_access&oldid=1286630621">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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